Four Stroke Cycle Engine Nov/Dec 2004

Let's think about the events in the four stroke cycle engine as used in our old Fords.

Intake
When the piston goes down, with the intake valve open, the atmospheric pressure pushes air in.  This air goes through an air cleaner, hopefully, then the carburetor. As it goes through the carburetor, it picks up a load of gasoline.  This gasoline is in both vapor and droplet form.  This air/fuel mixture then goes through the intake manifold to that cylinder when the intake valve is open and the piston is going down.

Compression
Just after the piston starts back up in the cylinder, the intake valve closes. As the piston continues up in the cylinder, it compresses the air/fuel mixture to over 100 psi.

Power
As the piston approaches the top of the cylinder, the compressed mixture is ignited by a spark jumping across an electrode gap in the spark plug.

As the air/fuel mixture burns and the temperature in the cylinder increases, the pressure goes up rapidly.  This pressure pushes the piston down.

Exhaust
The exhaust valve opens as the piston nears the bottom of its travel.  The noise we hear from the exhaust is the residual pressure in the cylinder coming out when the exhaust valve opens.

As the piston goes back up, it pushes most of the burnt air/fuel mixture ahead of it, out the exhaust valve. The spent gas mixture then goes through the exhaust port and out into the manifold or header.

Before the piston gets to the top, the intake valve starts opening to start the next cycle.  Below are diagrams of these events.

Diagrams #1, Intake valve open

Diagram #2 both valves closed

Diagram #3 both valves closed piston going down

Diagram #4 exhaust valve open

Note that each up, or down, stroke is 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation,so that one complete cycle (four strokes) total 720 degrees. This is two full turns of the crank for each cycle.   It is worth remembering that only one cylinder is doing any of these things at the same time.  In our V-8's, there are two pistons that come to top center at the same time, but only one has compression and is ready to be ignited.  The other is on the valve overlap top center.

Also note that the cam turns only one revolution while the crankshaft turns two revolutions. A diagram of valve timing might look like this.

Diagram #5, piston top center, piston bottom center
So why do we care about all this?

Let us say that we have a 49-53 Flathead V-8 and we are ready to put the distributor in. How do we do the initial timing? One way would be to remove #1 spark plug and turn the engine in the direction of normal rotation. With your thumb plugging the spark plug hole, you should feel suction, then pressure. As the air flow stops coming out, the mark or ball on the crankshaft pulley will be coming up to the pointer on the front cover. Stop turning the engine when the mark is aligned with the pointer.

Then, install the distributor so that the hold down tab is to the rear, and the rotor points to the #1 plug wire contact.  Note that the rotor will turn as the helical gear moves down in engagement with the cam gear.  When the distributor is all the way down, turn the distributor housing counter-clockwise to just open the points with the rotor still pointing to #1 plug wire contact.

If you come out with the rotor pointing to a different plug wire contact, turn it back past #1 and try again. If the distributor housing or vacuum advance hits something before the timing is right, pull the distributor housing back out to disengage the gear and try a different gear tooth position.

When you get it right, tighten the hold down bolt into the head. You can do the final setting with a timing light.

I'll give you more applications for using this information next issue.